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Over the summer, the FCC adopted the first nationwide Next Generation 911 (“NG911”) transition rules to define the responsibilities and set deadlines for originating service providers (“OSPs”) to implement NG911 capabilities and deliver 911 calls to NG911 systems. The final rules were published in the Federal Register on September 24, 2024.

Triggering the Transition.  The FCC adopted a two-phased NG911 transition scheme in which a valid request from a 911 Authority starts the transition process for each phase. A 911 Authority is considered to have submitted a valid Phase 1 request if it certifies that it has all the necessary infrastructure installed and operational to receive 911 traffic in an IP-based Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) format. A valid request to initiate Phase 2 requires the 911 Authority to certify that its reception of 911 traffic in SIP format complies with NG911 commonly accepted standards and that it can transmit such traffic to the Public Safety Answering Points (“PSAPs”) connected to it. In Phase 2, a 911 Authority must also certify that its Emergency Services IP Network (“ESInet”) is connected to a functioning Next Generation 911 Core Services (“NGCS”) network that can access a Location Validation Function (“LVF”) and interface with the Location Information Server (“LIS”) or its functional equivalent. As part of the transition, the 911 Authority must designate the NG911 Delivery Point locations to which the 911 Authority wants the OSPs to deliver 911 traffic. A valid request does not require all PSAPs connected to the ESInet to be NG911-ready.

Phase 1.  After receiving a valid Phase 1 request, OSPs are required to (i) deliver 911 traffic bound for PSAPs in the IP-based SIP format requested, (ii) obtain and deliver 911 traffic to enable the ESInet and other NG911 network facilities to transmit 911 traffic to the PSAP, (iii) deliver 911 traffic to in-state NG911 Delivery Points designated by the 911 Authority, and (iv) complete connectivity testing to confirm that the 911 Authority receives 911 traffic in the format requested.

Phase 2.  The completion of Phase 1 is a prerequisite to initiate the Phase 2 transition. Phase 2 requires OSPs to deliver 911 traffic to designated delivery points in an IP-based SIP format in accordance with NG911 commonly accepted standards, including embedding location information in the call signaling using Presence Information Data Format – Location Object (“PIDF-LO”), or its functional equivalent. OSPs must also be able to use a LIS or its functional equivalent to verify customer location information and records or acquire services that can be used to do so.

Federal Register Publication.  The Final Rule establishes that, “[f]or all OSPs, the initial compliance date will be extended based on the effective date of the rules—i.e., no OSP must comply with a 911 Authority Phase 1 request sooner than one year after the effective date of these rules, regardless of the timing of the 911 Authority’s request.” The effective date of the rules is November 25, 2024; however, the FCC is not requiring compliance with the rules establishing what constitutes a valid request from a 911 Authority and the rules establishing how the NG911 requirements may be modified by mutual agreement of the 911 Authority and OSPs until a separate compliance date for those provisions has been established.

Cost Allocation.  The FCC adopted default rules that require OSPs to bear the financial responsibility for transmitting and delivering 911 traffic to NG911 Delivery Points, including costs associated with completing any needed 911 traffic translation to IP-based format and the costs of delivering associated routing and location information. The default rules do not preclude alternative arrangements between 911 Authorities and OSPs at the state or local level.

Impact of Loper.  Earlier this year, the Supreme Court in a 6-3 vote overturned the landmark decision in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council. The case overturning this precedent is captioned Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. The deference a federal agency, like the FCC, received when a Court was reviewing a challenge to an agency’s rules took a major hit on the heels of the Loper decision. This decision could sharply limit the authority of federal agencies to implement rules that are not clearly set forth by an Act of Congress. In this instance, the FCC relied on a patchwork of statutory authority to argue that the agency had authority to adopt these rules. It will be interesting to see whether a court has a chance to weigh in on these rules and, if so, whether the rules can survive an appellate challenge.

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Last month, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) that could revise the agency’s Citizens Broadband Radio Service (“CBRS”) rules in the 3.5 GHz band. The objective of the proposed changes is to better protect incumbent federal users and improve the rules for both Priority Access License (“PAL”) holders and General Authorized Access (“GAA”) users. Initial Comments are due October 7th and Reply Comments must be filed by November 5th.

Background.  The Commission created a three-tiered sharing framework in the 3.5 GHz band in 2015. Priority access to – and sharing within – the band is managed by Spectrum Access System (“SAS”) administrators, which are automated frequency coordinators that coordinate operations between and among the three different tiers of users in the 3.5 GHz band. To assist in coordination, Environmental Sensing Capability (“ESC”) operators detect information about federal frequency use in and adjacent to the 3.5 GHz band and report that information to the SAS.

The highest tier of the CBRS 3.5 GHz band consists of incumbent federal and non-federal users, which receive protection from all other users. The second tier is comprised of the PAL holders, which purchased this spectrum at auction from the FCC (which we covered in this blog about five years ago!). The third tier represents users who are “licensed by rule” and must accept interference from other CBRS users, including other GAA users.

The FCC’s proposed changes to the CBRS framework include the following:

Federal Protection and Coordination.  The FCC seeks comment on whether it should expand the use of a coordination portal to protect federal operations, modify its ESC procedures to address potential effects on competition and the marketplace, and/or permit CBRS operations in offshore areas.

Citizens Broadband Radio Service Devices (“CBSD”) Information.  PAL holders and GAA users are required to register all CBSDs with a SAS administrator prior to operation. Commission rules require CBSDs to provide received signal strength and other measured parameters to the SAS administrators upon request, and disclosure of this information to the public is restricted. The FCC seeks comment on whether to update the breadth and scope of CBSD information provided to SASs, as well as the availability of CBSD information.

SAS Connectivity and/or Outages.  CBSDs are required to maintain SAS connectivity so the SAS is updated of any change in status and so that the CBSD can comply with SAS instructions within seconds of a triggering event. The FCC seeks comment on specific circumstances that may warrant less restrictive application of the SAS connectivity requirements.

Other Issues.  The FCC seeks comment on the efficacy of the current professional installation regime and whether any rule changes are needed to ensure that CBSDs are installed and maintained correctly. The NPRM also requests comment on whether the Commission can take steps to facilitate additional use of the 3.5 GHz band for low power indoor operations, including private networks. Finally, the Commission seeks comment on whether there are new rules, or clarifications of current rules, that could foster coexistence and preempt disputes among GAA users in a manner that will also advance GAA spectrum use and continued deployment of the CBRS.

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The Supreme Court in a 6-3 vote overturned the landmark decision in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, sharply limiting the authority of federal administrative agencies, including the FCC.[1] After the decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo,[2] it will be easier to challenge and overturn agency decisions, and federal agencies will be more hesitant to adopt new regulations absent clear Congressional direction. At the same time, the need for clear Congressional direction means that new legislation will need to spell out the agency’s role in greater detail.

While the Loper Bright decision involved a statute governing fisheries,[3] the decision will have far-reaching and significant effects across scores of federal agencies, impacting core policy matters on everything from banking to healthcare to energy and the environment, and of particular relevance to this analysis, telecommunications.

The overturning of the Chevron doctrine promises to impact ongoing telecommunications and broadband policy debates, including the regulatory classification of broadband Internet services and the scope of the FCC’s Title II authority. It may also reopen prior regulatory debates on everything from spectrum allocation matters to pole attachment and rights-of-way management decisions.

I. OVERVIEW OF THE DECISION

A. What is Chevron Deference?

The Chevron doctrine of judicial deference to agency interpretation arose forty years ago in a case examining whether an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulation was consistent with the provisions of the Clean Air Act. (Interestingly, the EPA Administrator at the time was none other than Justice Gorsuch’s mother.) To answer the question, the Chevron court adopted a two-step approach for reviewing agency actions, essentially requiring courts to defer to the agency’s interpretation if the underlying statute is ambiguous or silent as to the activity in question.

Chevron deference was in large part based on the presumed expertise and institutional knowledge of the agency. Since its adoption, Chevron deference has allowed agencies, including the FCC, to address changing and evolving technologies and policies that may not have been anticipated at the time of the statute’s enactment.

B. The Loper Bright Decision

The Loper Bright decision represents a long-standing and concerted effort, particularly among conservatives, to overturn or reign in the deference afforded to administrative agencies under Chevron. In reversing Chevron, the Loper Bright Court concluded that 1) Chevron deference is inconsistent with the requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), and 2) Chevron deference violates the U.S. Constitution.

First, the Court noted that, under the APA, the role of “the reviewing court” – not the agency whose action it reviews – is to “decide all relevant questions of law” and “interpret … statutory provisions.”[4] The Court further found that the APA “requires courts to exercise their independent judgment in deciding whether an agency has acted within its statutory authority, and courts may not defer to an agency interpretation of the statute.”[5] The Court, therefore, concluded that Chevron deference is fundamentally inconsistent with the APA and must be overturned.

Second, the Court held that Chevron deference runs counter to the Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which assigns to the federal judiciary the responsibility and power to adjudicate “Cases” and “Controversies.” The Court reasoned that this Constitutional requirement necessarily requires that courts, and not independent agencies, determine the meaning of laws.

In reaching these conclusions, the Court specifically rejected the presumption that agency interpretations should be given deference because of the subject matter expertise of the agencies.  The Court held that Chevron’s presumption is “misguided because agencies have no special competence in resolving statutory ambiguities. Courts do.”[6]

The Court also criticized the fact that Chevron deference required courts to accept and uphold a reasonable agency interpretation of a statute even if that interpretation was not the most reasonable interpretation. As Justice Gorsuch noted in his concurring opinion, this can result in a game of regulatory ping pong, with successive administrations adopting contradictory interpretations of the same law being upheld under Chevron. To illustrate his point, Justice Gorsuch focused on the FCC’s multiple conflicting interpretations of the regulatory classification of broadband Internet service under the federal Communications Act over the past twenty years:

Under Chevron, executive officials can replace one “reasonable” interpretation with another at any time, all without any change in the law itself. The result: Affected individuals “can never be sure of their legal rights and duties.” How bad is the problem? Take just one example. Brand X concerned a law regulating broadband internet services. There, the Court upheld an agency rule adopted by the administration of President George W. Bush because it was premised on a “reasonable” interpretation of the statute. Later, President Barack Obama’s administration rescinded the rule and replaced it with another. Later still, during President Donald J. Trump’s administration, officials replaced that rule with a different one, all before President Joseph R. Biden, Jr.’s administration declared its intention to reverse course for yet a fourth time. See, Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, 88 Fed. Reg. 76048 (2023); Brand X, 545 U. S., at 981–982. Each time, the government claimed its new rule was just as “reasonable” as the last. Rather than promoting reliance by fixing the meaning of the law, Chevron deference engenders constant uncertainty and convulsive change even when the statute at issue itself remains unchanged.[7]

C. Standard of Review in the Wake of Loper Bright

Rather than defer to agency determinations, the courts will now instead exercise their own independent judgment in determining the meaning of statutory provisions. The Court in Loper Bright, however, stated that in exercising such judgment, “courts may – as they have from the start – seek aid from the interpretations of those responsible for implementing particular statutes.”[8] The Court indicated that “such interpretations constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance.”[9] Thus, the key difference is that while courts may, and often should, look to agency expertise for guidance, the courts may not defer to agency interpretations.[10]

D. Impact on Prior Agency Decisions

The Court stated that it was not reversing previously decided cases that relied on Chevron deference, stating that “the holdings of those cases that specific agency actions are lawful – including the Clean Air Act holding of Chevron itself – are still subject to statutory stare decisis despite our change in interpretive methodology.”[11]

The Dissenting Opinion, however, notes that the majority’s ruling does not address the fact that many agency rulings and interpretations were never challenged and may therefore be vulnerable to challenge. The possibility of such challenges to existing agency rulings has increased further with a decision by the Supreme Court just a few days after the Loper Bright decision was announced. In Corner Post, Inc. v. Board Of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Court held that legal challenges to federal regulations can be brought outside the normal six-year statute of limitations if someone is not adversely affected by an agency rule until after the six-year window of time to file suit.

II. POTENTIAL IMPACT ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND BROADBAND POLICY

The Supreme Court’s abandonment of Chevron deference could have a significant impact on a variety of telecommunications and broadband rules and policies. The decision will likely result in a flurry of challenges to FCC and NTIA rulings and polices that may not be clearly supported by statutory language.

A. Open Internet Order

Among the most notable FCC rulings that will be impacted by the Loper Bright decision is the FCC’s 2024 Open Internet Order. As discussed above, the FCC’s back and forth reclassification of broadband Internet access service under the federal Communications Act, as a Title I unregulated “information service” or a Title II regulated “telecommunications service,” was specifically referenced in the Concurring Opinion of Justice Gorsuch to illustrate the inconsistent policy that can result from deference to agency rulings.

Several Internet service provider groups are currently challenging the FCC’s Open Internet Order in the U.S Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The removal of Chevron deference and Justice Gorsuch’s Concurrence have given the petitioners an additional basis to overturn the FCC’s Order, which the court will likely do if it does not agree with the FCC’s interpretation that broadband Internet access service is a “telecommunications service” subject to Title II regulatory authority. In fact, immediately following the Loper Bright decision, the Sixth Circuit directed parties to file supplemental briefing material addressing the effect of the decision on the court’s analysis of a motion to stay the Open Internet Order.

B. Other Likely Challenges

Among the other key telecom and broadband policy areas that we would expect to see challenges, or an expanded basis for challenge, are the following:

  • The FCC Digital Discrimination Order, which has been appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for Eighth Circuit.[12]
  • Challenges to the scope of the FCC’s administration of the federal Universal Service program under the so-called non-delegation doctrine,[13] as well as the FCC’s appointment of the Universal Service Administrative Company to manage the federal Universal Service Fund. There have been multiple challenges in various federal courts, some of which are still ongoing.
  • NTIA’s adoption of a low-cost service option requirement for Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment (“BEAD”) funding.

C. Prior FCC Determinations

The Loper Bright decision, when combined with the aforementioned Corner Post decision, could enable litigants to reopen FCC decisions in areas where the law is thought to have been settled. A putative petitioner might argue that the agency’s prior decision was never challenged (and therefore not granted Chevron deference), or the specific matter did not harm the petitioner so during the initial six-year statute of limitations. A petitioner could challenge prior FCC decisions involving spectrum regulations, pole attachments, and myriad other issues if the issue was never previously challenged, or if the petitioner is impacted only after the regulation was upheld.

D. An Updated Telecommunications Act? 

We expect that uncertainty surrounding the FCC’s authority to undertake crucial policy initiatives will lead to increased calls for major new telecommunications/broadband legislation.   Universal service contribution reform, for example, is viewed as a priority across the political spectrum, yet the FCC’s authority to do so is now in question. In the absence of clear legislative direction on that and other issues – including net neutrality, digital equity, consumer privacy, and the question of whether the FCC may exert regulatory authority over broadband Internet access as a general matter – the future of telecommunications policy will be clouded by uncertainty.

[1] Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837.

[2] Loper Bright Enterprises Et Al. v. Raimondo, Secretary Of Commerce, 603 U. S. ____ (2024)(“Opinion of the Court”) https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf. The Loper case was adopted with a companion case Relentless, Inc., et al. v. Department of Commerce, et al.

[3] The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. See 90 Stat. 331 (codified as amended at 16 U. S. C. §1801 et seq.).

[4] Opinion of the Court, at 21.

[5] Id., at 1.

[6] Id., at 5.

[7] Concurring Opinion of Justice Gorsuch, at 23.

[8] Opinion of the Court, at 16 citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U. S. 134, at 140 (1944).

[9] Id., at 16.

[10] The Court further clarified that the ruling does not impact instances where Congress specifically conferred authority to an agency to interpret statutory terms, noting that some statutes “expressly delegate to an agency the authority to give meaning to a particular statutory term.” In such instances, the court’s role is to determine whether the agency has engaged in “reasoned decision making” within the boundaries of the authority delegated under the statute.

[11] Id., at 34. “Stare decisis” is a legal doctrine governing judicial adherence to the precedent set by prior rulings.

[12] Implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Prevention and Elimination of Digital Discrimination, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, GN Docket No. 22-69, FCC 23-100 (rel. Nov. 20, 2023).

[13] The “non-delegation doctrine” is the principle under the Constitution’s separation of powers that holds that legislative bodies cannot delegate their legislative powers to executive agencies or private entities.

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In 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice and the states of Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota brought a civil antitrust suit opposing the merger of T-Mobile and Sprint. According to the lawsuit, consolidating nationwide carriers from four to three would reduce competition to an unacceptable degree, ultimately harming consumers. To resolve the complaint, and in an effort to encourage competition, T-Mobile agreed to divest certain assets, including approximately 13.5 MHz of nationwide wireless spectrum in the 817-824/862-869 MHz band (“800 MHz Spectrum”). DISH Network stepped up and agreed to a purchase price of $3.59 billion.

The parties were originally due to close the deal by June 30, 2023, however, DISH needed additional time and negotiated an extension until April 1, 2024. Speculation was that DISH’s merger with Echostar and other improving economic conditions would place it on better footing to close the deal. This proved not to be the case, as DISH did not exercise its purchase right on April 1, 2024.

But the DOJ settlement had a Plan B. It provided that if DISH did not purchase the 800 MHz spectrum, T-Mobile would be required to hold an auction for the spectrum by October 1, 2024. Consistent with that requirement, on T-Mobile’s April 25, 2024, Q1 earnings call, Mike Sievert, T-Mobile’s president and CEO, stated the auction “has begun.”

Interestingly, T-Mobile’s settlement with the DOJ and the states provides that T-Mobile “will not be required to divest the 800 MHz Spectrum Licenses at a price that is lower than the price the [DISH] originally agreed to pay for such licenses” – effectively setting a reserve price of $3.59 billion. The agreement also states that T-Mobile will not be required to sell to “any other national facilities-based mobile wireless network operator, without the prior written approval of the United States.” So, AT&T and Verizon are out of the auction, as well as any other party that can’t raise $3.59+ billion for 800 MHz spectrum. That likely leaves a fairly small pool of potential participants and, if the auction fails, T-Mobile gets to keep the spectrum.

DISH thinks that gives T-Mobile a motive to not play fair. On the April 25, 2024, earnings call, Mr. Sievert stated that if the auction fails, T-Mobile gets “found spectrum and capacity.” Mr. Sievert spoke in glowing terms of the 800 MHz spectrum calling it “great spectrum” and stating there are “lots of interesting things [T-Mobile] can do with it, especially with emerging technologies.” DISH thinks this is evidence that T-Mobile is hoping the auction fails because it actually wants the spectrum for itself.

In a filing with the FCC earlier this month, DISH asserts T-Mobile refuses to share “even preliminary information about the auction” with DISH. This includes relevant rules and procedures by which DISH might choose to participate. DISH claims the intent is clear…  T-Mobile wants to undermine its own auction to keep the spectrum for itself. On the other hand, T-Mobile states it has received “nonbinding indications of interest” in the auction and that there is “reason to believe that [it] will meet the reserve” successfully auctioning off the spectrum. It just doesn’t believe DISH has the right to participate in the auction.

October is rapidly approaching, and it will be interesting to see where this 800 MHz spectrum, a significant asset to be sure, ultimately lands.

On May 7, 2024, the FCC released a Declaratory Ruling reclassifying “broadband Internet access service” (“BIAS”) as a “telecommunications service” subject to the jurisdiction of the FCC under Title II of the Communications Act. It was accompanied by an Order removing BIAS from most Title II regulations, and a Report and Order applying a set of Open Internet rules to BIAS providers. (For clarity, the remainder of this blog will refer to the proceeding as the “Order.”)[1]

We summarized key provisions impacting ISPs in an initial blog post on this topic earlier this month. In June, we will provide our best guesses as to what the future holds with respect to net neutrality, the upcoming election, and potential Congressional action. This post examines what some consider to be the centerpiece of the Order: the Open Internet Rules.

A Brief Net Neutrality History Lesson

In its 2015 “Open Internet Order,” the FCC adopted “bright line” net neutrality rules applicable to BIAS:  no blocking lawful content, no throttling lawful content, and no paid prioritization. The ink was barely dry on the new rules when, in January 2016, the newly GOP-led agency released the “Restoring Internet Freedom Order,” which largely converted the net neutrality rules from prohibited conduct to actions that were legal but which must be disclosed to customers. . .

To say net neutrality was a hotly-contested issue in 2015-16 is an understatement. The issue caused a 3,000% spike in the FCC’s web traffic and the agency received about 22 million comments. In August 2018, the FCC’s Inspector General concluded that the bulk of this was caused by a segment on John Oliver’s TV show.

While restoring net neutrality was identified early on as a priority for the Biden Administration, it was not until the fall of 2023, with the confirmation of Anna Gomez, that the Administration was able to secure a Democratic majority at the Commission. Following Commissioner Gomez’s confirmation, the Democrat-let FCC moved immediately to re-implement net neutrality rules.

Bright Line Rules

In the 2024 Order, the FCC reinstated several bright-line rules that:

  1. Prohibit BIAS providers from blocking lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices (“No Blocking”);
  2. Prohibit BIAS providers from impairing or degrading lawful Internet traffic on the basis of content, application, service, or use of non-harmful device (“No Throttling”); and,
  3. Prohibit paid or affiliated prioritization practices (“No Paid Prioritization”).

The Order also implemented a “general conduct standard” prohibiting unreasonable interference or disadvantage in general, and adopted enhancements to transparency rules that had been narrowed by the FCC’s Restoring Internet Freedom Order” in 2017.

No Blocking

In the Order, the FCC determined that “the freedom to send and receive lawful content and to use and provide applications and services without fear of blocking continues to be essential to the Internet’s openness,” and expressed concern that BIAS providers may, in certain instances, be incentivized to block edge providers’ content. The no-blocking rule applies to transmissions of lawful content only. BIAS providers may refuse to transmit unlawful material, such as child pornography or copyright-infringing materials. The rule also entitles end users to connect, access, and use any lawful device of their choice, provided that the device does not harm the network. The no-blocking rule prohibits network practices that block a specific application or service, or any particular class of applications or services, unless it is found to be reasonable network management. Finally, this rule prohibits BIAS providers from charging edge providers a fee to avoid having edge providers’ content, services, or applications blocked from end-user customers.

No Throttling

The term “throttling” refers to conduct that is not outright blocking, but that inhibits the delivery of particular content, applications, or services, or particular classes of content, applications, or services. Under the Open Internet rules, BIAS providers are prohibited from impairing or degrading lawful Internet traffic on the basis of content, application, service, or use of non-harmful device. The no-throttling rule bans conduct that is not outright blocking, but that the FCC believes would inhibit the delivery of particular content, applications, or services, or particular classes of content, applications, or services. The rule also prohibits conduct that impairs or degrades lawful traffic to a non-harmful device or class of devices. The rule addresses instances in which a BIAS provider targets particular content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices and does not address slowing down or speeding up an end user’s connection to the Internet based on a choice clearly made by the end user. For example, a BIAS provider may offer a data plan in which a subscriber receives a set amount of data at one speed tier and any remaining data at a lower tier.

No Paid Prioritization

Finally, the FCC reinstated the prohibition on paid or affiliated prioritization practices, subject to a narrow waiver process. The term “paid prioritization” refers to the management of a broadband provider’s network to directly or indirectly favor some traffic over other traffic, including through use of techniques such as traffic shaping, prioritization, resource reservation, or other forms of preferential traffic management, either (a) in exchange for consideration (monetary or otherwise) from a third party, or (b) to benefit an affiliated entity. As with throttling, the FCC found that BIAS providers have both an incentive and the ability to engage in paid prioritization. However, the FCC may waive the ban on paid prioritization if a petitioner demonstrates that the paid prioritization practice would provide some significant public interest benefit and would not harm the open nature of the Internet. A successful waiver request would require the petitioner to provide evidence that the practice furthers competition, innovation, consumer demand, or investment, and does not harm the open nature of the Internet. This could be done by providing evidence that the practice: (i) does not materially degrade or threaten to materially degrade the BIAS of the general public; (ii) does not hinder consumer choice; (iii) does not impair competition, innovation, consumer demands, or investment; and (iv) does not impede any forms of expression, types of service, or points of view. This is an extremely high bar and waivers will not be routinely granted.

General Conduct Standard

In addition to the bright-line rules above, the FCC also reinstated a “no-unreasonable interference/disadvantage standard.” This standard allows the FCC to prohibit practices that unreasonably interfere with the ability of consumers or edge providers to select, access, and use BIAS to reach one another. This standard will operate on a case-by-case basis, applying a non-exhaustive list of factors, and is designed to evaluate other current or future BIAS provider policies or practices—not covered by the bright-line rules—and prohibit those that harm the open Internet. The FCC provided guidance to BIAS providers regarding the application of the standard and adopted a non-exhaustive list of factors that the agency will consider in its analysis. These factors include: (i) whether a practice allows end-user control and enables consumer choice; (ii) whether a practice has anticompetitive effects in the market for applications, services, content, or devices; (iii) whether a practice affects consumers’ ability to select, access, or use lawful broadband services, applications, or content; (iv) the effect a practice has on innovation, investment, or broadband deployment; (v) whether a practice threatens free expression; (vi) whether a practice is application agnostic; and (vii) whether a practice conforms to best practices and technical standards adopted by open, broadly representative, and independent Internet engineering, governance initiatives, or standards-setting organizations.

Transparency Rule

The FCC also adopted enhancements to existing transparency rules that require BIAS providers to publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices, performance, and commercial terms of its broadband Internet access services sufficient for consumers to make informed choices regarding use of such services and for content, application, service, and device providers to develop, market, and maintain Internet offerings. BIAS providers must maintain the accuracy of these disclosures. When there is a material change in a provider’s disclosure of commercial terms, network practices, or performance characteristics, the provider has a duty to update the disclosure in a manner that is “timely and prominently disclosed in plain language accessible to current and prospective end users and edge providers, the Commission, and third parties who wish to monitor network management practices for potential violations of open Internet principles.”

*       *       *

These rules have been adopted, rescinded, and readopted in the past decade. And they could be rescinded yet again depending on the outcome of the 2024 Presidential election. Our next post will explore different election scenarios, likely court challenges, and prospects for Congressional action to predict what may be next.

[1] In the Matter of Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, WC Docket Nos. 23-320, 17-108, Declaratory Ruling, Order, Report and Order, and Order on Reconsideration, FCC 24-52, rel. May 7, 2024 (“Order”).

On May 7, 2024, the FCC released a Declaratory Ruling reclassifying “broadband Internet access service” (“BIAS”) as a “telecommunications service” subject to the jurisdiction of the FCC under Title II of the Communications Act. It was accompanied by an Order removing BIAS from most Title II regulations and a Report and Order applying a set of Open Internet rules to BIAS providers. (For clarity, the remainder of this blog will refer to the proceeding as the “Order.”)[1]

Mainstream press reports have focused primarily on the “net neutrality” part of the Order, and to be sure, the FCC’s desire to implement the Open Internet rules catalyzed the overall effort. This post, however, addresses other reasons why this re-re-reclassification[2] of broadband’s regulatory status is important for ISPs. (We will address the Open Internet rules and the future of this proceeding in subsequent posts.)

Ultimately, however, the Order is notable less for its immediate impact on ISPs than for the long-term structural change it represents. The Order – if it survives legal challenge – gives the FCC jurisdictional authority over the dominant communications medium of modern times.

Scope of Reclassification:  “Broadband Internet Access Service.”  The Order applies to “broadband Internet access service” (“BIAS”), defined as “a mass-market retail service by wire or radio that provides the capability to transmit data to and receive data from all or substantially all Internet endpoints, including any capabilities that are incidental to and enable the operation of the communications service, but excluding dial-up Internet access service.”[3]

BIAS includes “services provided over any technology platform, including but not limited to wire, terrestrial wireless (including fixed and mobile wireless services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum), and satellite.”[4]

The FCC also reinstated the classification of mobile BIAS as a commercial mobile service (i.e., within the scope of Title II), pursuant to Section 332(d)(1) of the Communications Act.[5]

BIAS does not include enterprise services,[6] and does not include private end-user networks, coffee shops, bookstores, airlines, and other businesses that acquire BIAS to provide service to patrons.[7] The Order also described a category of “non-BIAS services,” defined as “certain services offered by BIAS providers that share capacity with [BIAS] serviced over BIAS providers’ last-mile facilities,” but that is not BIAS.[8]

Providers of BIAS are directly affected by the Order in a variety of ways, as the remainder of this post describes further.

Access to Poles, Ducts, and Rights-of-Way:  Section 224.  The Order applies Section 224 of the Communications Act to BIAS providers, thus “ensur[ing] that BIAS-only providers receive the same statutory protections for pole attachments guaranteed by section 224 of the Act that providers of cable and telecommunications services receive, thereby promoting greater deployment, competition, and availability of BIAS. … BIAS-only providers will be statutorily guaranteed a right of non-discriminatory access and will also be entitled by statute to the same rates as their competitors.”[9] This includes access to poles owned by investor-owned utilities and ILECs in the 27 states with FCC jurisdiction, and likely in most of the other “non-FCC” states.

Access to Public Rights-of-Way:  Section 253.  The Order applies Section 253 of the Communications Act to BIAS providers. Section 253 provides that “no [s]tate or local statute or regulation, or other [s]tate or local legal requirement, may prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the ability of any entity to provide any interstate or intrastate telecommunications service.”[10] Among other rights, Section 253 provides BIAS providers with non-discriminatory and competitively neutral access to the public rights-of-way.

MTE Access.  The Order notes that Section 201 of the Act enables the FCC to regulate BIAS-only providers that serve MTEs, “and thereby end unfair, unreasonable, and anticompetitive practices facing MTE residents….”[11] The Order empowers the FCC to apply to BIAS providers the same prohibitions against exclusive MTE contracts that currently apply to telecommunications carriers: “[W]e do not forbear from section 64.2500 of our rules as to BIAS providers, which prohibits common carriers from entering into certain types of agreements [e.g., exclusive access, graduated revenue sharing, and exclusive revenue sharing agreements] and requires disclosure of others [e.g., exclusive marketing agreements]. BIAS-only providers should, therefore, ensure that all MTE-related contracts entered into subsequent to the effective date of the Declaratory Ruling we adopt today are in compliance with section 64.2500. With respect to pre-existing MTE-related contracts, we temporarily waive section 64.2500 with respect to these contracts for BIAS-only providers for a period of 180 days.”[12]

Universal Service Fund Reform.  The Order generally applies the Section 254 universal service framework to BIAS,[13] but the FCC forbears – for now – from applying rules promulgated under 47 U.S.C. § 254(d) that would require federal Universal Service Fund contributions by ISPs: “[W]e believe that any decisions on whether and how to make BIAS providers contribute to USF funding are best addressed holistically in [] ongoing discussions of USF contribution reform, on a full record and with robust input from all interested parties, than in this proceeding.”[14]

ETC Designation for BIAS Providers:  High Cost and Lifeline Support.  The FCC’s USF High Cost and Lifeline support programs are limited to common carrier providers of telecommunications services that are designated as Eligible Telecommunications Carriers (“ETC”) pursuant to State utility commission standards (or the FCC, in certain circumstances). Prior to the Order, only carriers offering voice telephony service could be designated as an ETC. The Order enables BIAS providers to be designated as ETCs without a voice service requirement, allowing BIAS providers to be theoretically eligible for support under the High Cost and Lifeline programs. However, the Order stops short of designating BIAS as a “supported service” under the USF: “Rather than adjust our USF rules on a piecemeal basis, retaining existing supported universal services and, by extension, ETC eligibility standards, provides us the flexibility for holistically examining reclassification’s effects on the USF at a later time. For this reason, we decline at this time to revise our definition of supported services.”[15]

CPNI/Privacy.  The FCC does not forbear from applying the Section 222 CPNI rules to BIAS providers, but waives the rules “to the extent such rules are applicable to BIAS as telecommunications service” by virtue of the Order.[16] The challenge facing the FCC is that the CPNI rules are heavily voice-specific and not readily applied in the BIAS context. The Order indicates that the FCC will launch a proceeding in the near future to modify the CPNI rules for application to BIAS. Given the ongoing State and federal debate surrounding ISP privacy issues, this promises to be a complicated and hotly contested rulemaking.

State and Local Preemption.  Given the federal reclassification, can State utility commissions opt to require BIAS providers to obtain state certification as a telecommunications carrier, and be subject to State telecommunications regulations? The Order does not provide useful guidance on this. The FCC declined “to categorically preempt all state or local regulation affecting broadband in the absence of any specific determination that such regulation interferes with our exercise of federal regulatory authority…. While the Commission has occasionally described the Internet as ‘jurisdictionally interstate’ or ‘predominantly interstate, we cannot find it to be exclusively interstate”[17] (emphasis in original). In essence, the FCC intends to consider state and local preemption issues on a case-by-case basis.

Nevertheless, the final version of the Order did specifically address the question of whether a State can impose its own universal service program contribution obligations on BIAS providers. In keeping with the FCC’s forbearance from requiring BIAS providers to contribute to the federal Universal Service Fund, Footnote 1,476 provides, “we maintain the status quo with respect to states’ ability to impose state-level contribution obligations on the provision of BIAS for state universal service programs.”[18]

Network Slicing.  The concept of network slicing came to the forefront relatively late in the reclassification debate and could be extremely important as the Order is implemented. The Order defines network slicing as “a technique that enables mobile network operators (MNOs) to create multiple virtualized subnetworks (each known as a ‘slice’) using shared physical wireless network infrastructure and common computing resources. Network slicing is often described as a ‘logical’ segmentation of the network.” The debate involved questions of whether network slicing presented an Open Internet problem, and whether it should be classified as a BIAS or non-BIAS service.

In the Order, the FCC took a cautious approach: “Given the nascent nature of network slicing, we conclude that it is not appropriate at this time to make a categorical determination regarding all network slicing and the services delivered through the use of network slicing. We agree … that we ‘should not allow network slicing to be used to evade [the] Open Internet rules’ that we adopt.”[19]

Despite the agnosticism on network slicing, the FCC added a potentially relevant clarification in the final version of the Order in its discussion of “throttling”: “We clarify that a BIAS provider’s decision to speed up ‘on the basis of Internet content, applications, or services’ would ‘impair or degrade’ other content, applications, or services which are not given the same treatment.”[20] A “fast lane,” in other words, may present an Open Internet violation.

While the network slicing debate has tended to focus on mobile network operators, and the Order’s definition of the term “network slicing” is limited to mobile network operators, similar issues could conceivably apply to wireline services as well at some point. Indeed, the National Cable and Telecommunications Association submitted ex parte comments suggesting that NCTA does not explicitly oppose the mobile carriers’ push to allow network slicing, but rather seeks to ensure that wireline providers would receive comparable treatment.[21]

No Rate Regulation.  The Order explicitly forbears from applying sections 201 and 202 of the Act to BIAS to the extent they would permit rate regulation by the FCC.[22] While some commentators continue to insist that the Order is a stalking horse for ISP rate regulation, the FCC made clear statements in the Order indicating that rate regulation is not an objective, and the Order does not allow it.

Whether the Order acts to preempt State affordability programs (to the extent such programs are considered “rate regulation”) is an open question.

Not “Public Utility” Regulation.  Despite bringing BIAS into the same regulatory fold as telephone service, the FCC maintained that the Order is not analogous to public-utility regulation:

“First, unlike utilities such as water, electricity and gas, BIAS is a two-sided platform with broadband customers on one side of the market and edge providers on the other; therefore, the type of regulation required and the effects of those regulations will be different for BIAS than it would be for such utilities. Second, and most importantly, the rules we now adopt are carefully tailored to avoid the potential issues that commenters claim are problematic in the regulations of utilities. In particular, unlike the range of utility-style regulations that were applied to monopoly telephone service under Title II, including rate regulation, we forbear from many of these provisions and do not adopt any rate regulation, which is a hallmark of utility regulation.”[23]

The next post will cover the Report and Order implementing the new Open Internet rules, including the “bright line” rules (no blocking, no throttling, and no paid or affiliated prioritization arrangements), the “general conduct” rules, what constitutes “reasonable network management,” and the transparency rule.

***

If you have any questions about the above or require assistance, please contact a member of the Keller & Heckman Telecommunications Practice Group.

[1] In the Matter of Safeguarding and Securing the Open Internet, WC Docket Nos. 23-320, 17-108, Declaratory Ruling, Order, Report and Order, and Order on Reconsideration, FCC 24-52, rel. May 7, 2024 (“Order”).

[2] See Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, GN Docket No. 14-28, Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order, 30 FCC Rcd 5601, 5603, para. 4 (2015) (“2015 Open Internet Order”), pet. for review denied, U.S. Telecom Ass’n v. FCC, 825 F.3d 674 (D.C. Cir. 2016); Restoring Internet Freedom, WC Docket No. 17-108, Declaratory Ruling, Report and Order, and Order, 33 FCC Rcd 311 (2017).

[3] The definition of BIAS continues: “This term also encompasses any service that the Commission finds to be providing a functional equivalent of the service described in the previous sentence or that is used to evade the protections set forth in this part.” 47 CFR § 8.1(b).

[4] Order, at ¶ 190.

[5] Order, at ¶ 25.

[6] Order, at ¶ 192.

[7] Order, at ¶ 210.

[8] The FCC has previously identified non-BIAS services as including facilities-based VoIP and IP-video offerings, connectivity bundled with e-readers, heart monitors, energy consumption sensors, and services that provide schools with curriculum-approved applications and content. Id.fn.814 citing 2015 Open Internet Order.

[9] Order, at ¶ 361.

[10] 47 U.S.C. § 253.

[11] Order, at ¶ 83.

[12] Order, at ¶ 326.

[13] Order, at ¶ 363.

[14] Order, at ¶ 366.

[15] Order, at ¶ 101.

[16] Order, at ¶ 639.

[17] Order, at ¶ 268.

[18] Order, at ¶ 364 n.1476.

[19] Order, at ¶ 203.

[20] Order, at ¶ 499.

[21] NCTA ex parte filed March 24, 2024.

[22] Order, at ¶ 323.

[23] Order, at ¶ 281.

Photo of Wesley K. WrightPhoto of Timothy A. DoughtyPhoto of Liam Fulling

Last week, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC” or “Commission”) announced the approval of seven 6 GHz band Automated Frequency Coordination (“AFC”) systems. The approved systems include offerings from Qualcomm Incorporated, Federated Wireless, Inc., Sony Group Corporation, Comsearch, the Wi-Fi Alliance Services Corporation, the Wireless Broadband Alliance, Inc., and Broadcom Inc.

Background

In 2020, the FCC adopted a Report and Order opening portions of the 6 GHz band for expanded unlicensed operations. Under Commission rules, standard-power access points and fixed client devices are required to operate under the control of AFC systems in the 5.925-6.425 and 6.525-6.875 GHz portions of the 6 GHz band. These portions of the 6 GHz band are used by licensed fixed and temporary-fixed point-to-point microwave systems. The FCC requires AFC systems to coordinate unlicensed operations to prevent harmful interference to these incumbent links.

In 2021, the Commission requested proposals from prospective AFC operators, and in 2022, it conditionally approved thirteen entities to operate AFC systems. The following year, the FCC allowed the selected AFC systems to commence testing, which included both lab testing by an FCC-recognized accredited laboratory and an online public trial where challenges could be submitted directly to the AFC system operator. Based on the information collected during the testing period, seven AFC system operators were formally approved after demonstrating compliance with the Commission’s 6 GHz unlicensed rules.

Looking Forward

As of February 23, 2024, the seven approved AFC systems were eligible to commence commercial operations. The FCC is requiring the operators to develop a centralized means to receive and address complaints regarding harmful interference from AFC-authorized unlicensed operations by April 23, 2024, or risk losing approved status.

The FCC is also considering the application of C3Spectra Inc. to be approved as an AFC operator, and the public will have the opportunity to review and comment on their proposal until March 15, 2024. If conditionally approved, C3Spectra will be eligible to begin the testing period as described above.

Commission approval of these AFC operators opens the door to expanded spectrum access for industry players and increased wireless connectivity for consumers, driven by innovative technologies. At the same time, incumbent microwave licensees should be aware of the forthcoming increased traffic in these portions of the 6 GHz band and be quick to identify and issue complaints when harmful interference occurs.

Conclusion

As the Commission continues to expand unlicensed operations, it is important for incumbent licensees to protect their systems from interference. Microwave licensees in the 5.925-6.425 and 6.525-6.875 GHz portions of the 6 GHz band should pay close attention to the complaint procedures established by these AFC system operators in the coming months so that issues can be addressed swiftly.

Photo of Sean A. Stokes

The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (“NTIA”) has adopted a “Programmatic Waiver” of its letter of credit (“LOC”) requirement for subgrantees of funding under the $42.5 billion Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment (“BEAD”) program created by the Infrastructure and Investment Job Act (“IIJA”). This is big news for small and mid-size public and private entities that might not otherwise have been able to meet the LOC requirements.

Background

The NTIA adopted the LOC requirement in its Notice of Funding Opportunity (“NOFO”), establishing regulations for allocation and administration of BEAD funding. The LOC was intended to ensure the performance of subgrantees receiving BEAD grant money from states and territories. As originally adopted, all subgrantees of BEAD funding were required to secure an irrevocable standby letter of credit in a value of no less than 25 percent of the subaward amount for the duration of the project construction.

The LOC had to be obtained from a qualified FDIC-insured bank. Typically, banks require that a LOC be collateralized by cash or a cash-equivalent. As a result, BEAD subgrantee awardees would effectively be required to have access to a large amount of capital that they could set aside throughout the grant term.

The LOC requirement quickly became a flashpoint for controversy. Many small, mid-sized, and non-traditional broadband providers – the very entities that the IIJA directed the BEAD program to include – argued that the LOC would be prohibitively expensive, particularly when coupled with a minimum 25 percent “match” requirement. The costs of the LOC and the fact that the LOC requirement may not be well-suited to achieving its goals[i] generated a concerted effort this summer and early fall to have the NTIA revisit its rules.[ii]

Programmatic Waiver

NTIA responded to these concerns by adopting a programmatic waiver modifying the LOC requirement for all subgrantees of BEAD funding. Specifically, the waiver:

  • Allows the Use of Performance Bonds. The waiver permits a subgrantee to provide a performance bond equal to 100% of the BEAD subaward amount in lieu of a letter of credit, provided that the bond is issued by a company holding a certificate of authority as an acceptable surety on federal bonds as identified in the Department of Treasury Circular 570.[iii][iv]
  • Allows Credit Unions to Issue LOCs. The NOFO requires subgrantees to obtain a LOC from a U.S. bank with a safety rating issued by Weiss of B− or better.[v] The waiver permits subgrantees to fulfill the LOC requirement (or any alternative permitted under the waiver) by utilizing any United States credit union that is insured by the National Credit Union Administration and that has a credit union safety rating issued by Weiss of B− or better.
  • Allows Eligible Entities to Reduce the Obligation Upon Completion of Milestones.  The waiver allows an Eligible Entity (a state or territory recipient of funding allocation from NTIA) to reduce the amount of the letter of credit obligation below 25% over time or reduce the amount of the performance bond below 100% over time, upon a subgrantee meeting deployment milestones specified by the state or territory.
  • Allows for an Alternative Initial LOC or Performance Bond Percentage. The NOFO requires that the initial amount of the letter of credit be 25% of the subaward (or the initial amount of the performance bond be 100% of the subaward under the option described above). The programmatic waiver allows the initial amount of the letter of credit or performance bond to be 10% of the subaward amount during the entire period of performance when an Eligible Entity issues funding on a reimbursable basis consistent with Section IV.C.1.b of the NOFO, and reimbursement is for periods of no more than six months each. Given the likelihood that Eligible Entities will extensively employ a reimbursement approach, this alternative is particularly significant.

NTIA’s programmatic waiver appears to provide much-needed relief and flexibility for potential BEAD subgrantees who might otherwise have been precluded from fully participating in the BEAD program.[vi]

[i] The NTIA LOC requirement was largely based on a LOC requirement established by the Federal Communications Commission in connection with its Rural Digital Opportunity Fund, an entirely different program.

[ii] See, for example, https://www.fiercetelecom.com/broadband/coalition-proposes-alternatives-ntias-contentious-bead-rule

[iii] See, https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/surety-bonds/list-certified-companies.html

[iv] Where a performance bond is utilized, the requirement that the subgrantee provide an opinion letter from bankruptcy counsel affirming that the letter of credit proceeds would not be treated as property of the subgrantee’s estate under the Bankruptcy Code is waived.

[v] Weiss Ratings (formerly Weiss Research) is a financial ratings service that is often utilized to establish benchmarks in the financial and banking industry. https://weissratings.com/en/credit-unions

[vi] Note, the NTIA adopted a nearly identical LOC requirement under its Middle Mile Grant program. The LOC programmatic waiver does not apply to the NTIA Middle Mile Grant program.

Photo of Gregory E. Kunkle

Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are experiencing rapid growth throughout the world. In the United States, the FAA expects the recreational UAV fleet to reach almost 1.5 million units by 2024. Significant growth is also expected in commercial drones used for safety, delivery, and service operations, with the number of such aircraft expected to approximately double in the next year. UAVs will bring innovations across a variety of sectors, including critical infrastructure, public safety, agriculture, and delivery of consumer goods and services.

In January, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking to modernize its spectrum rules to support the growth of UAV operations. The rulemaking touches on a number of important issues regarding UAV spectrum. In particular, the proceeding highlights a little-known licensing compliance issue relevant to UAV operators.

Current VHF Radio Licensing for UAV Operators

The aeronautical VHF band (117.975 MHz -137 MHz) is used by aviation for air traffic control (ATC) and advisory communications, among other aviation-safety purposes. The FCC’s rules have long recognized the use of this band for manned flights. In fact, Section 87.18 of the FCC’s rules provides that pilots of domestic manned flights are generally automatically granted licenses for VHF aircraft radios without the need to apply to the FCC. However, the FCC’s rules require that such radio equipment be “located on board an aircraft,” which presents an obvious problem for UAV operators, which usually seek to communicate using ground-based radios.

One way that UAV operators have addressed this issue is by use of an “ATC Relay.” An ATC Relay involves an operator communicating with a UAV via an alternate channel, which is converted onboard the UAV into an aeronautical VHF channel for communication with ATC or other aircraft. Because the VHF radio is onboard the UAV, its use is consistent with the FCC’s rules. However, according to the FCC, such relay systems are still relatively nascent.

Instead, operators more commonly rely on ground-based “aircraft” radios without the use of a relay radio on the UAV. Although such stations are not authorized under the FCC’s rules, the Commission has addressed this discrepancy through the “Special Temporary Authorization” (STA) process. STAs are valid for up to 180 days (renewal is possible) and permit the pilot in command, or other personnel on the ground, to directly communicate with ATC or other aircraft via ground-based radios as though the radio were present on an aircraft. The STA application process is relatively straightforward, though the FCC does typically require a copy of the UAV operator’s Certificate of Authorization (COA) from the FAA.

A Path Forward

Clearly, case-by-case temporary authorizations for UAV communications are not ideal, given the explosive growth in the market. A better solution would be for the FCC to conform its rules to the real world. To its credit, the FCC is poised to do just that. In its Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the FCC proposes to individually license VHF ground stations under a new category known as “Unmanned Aircraft Operator VHF Ground Station.” This type of authorization would require applicants to submit a Form 605 requesting license authority. The FCC proposes to require endorsement from the FAA, most likely in the form of a COA. Once issued, the license would authorize ground-based communications for UAV flights on all air traffic control, flight service station, aeronautical advisory station (unicom), and aeronautical multicom station channels authorized for use by aircraft. The FCC believes this process will mitigate concerns regarding the oversaturation of critical aeronautical channels as drone use grows.

Conclusion

The FCC has not announced when a final rule will be issued, although it is not uncommon for rulemaking proceedings to take a year or more. In the interim, UAV operators will want to ensure they comply with the FCC’s rules, including by securing special temporary authorization if necessary, for any ground-based use of aircraft radios. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact Greg Kunkle (kunkle@khlaw.com).

Photo of Wesley K. WrightPhoto of Timothy A. Doughty

Last week, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) released a draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) to help facilitate the nationwide transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911). The Commission will vote on this NPRM at its Open Meeting on June 8th.

Background

In October 2021, the National Association of State 911 Administrators (NASNA) filed a Petition for Rulemaking; Alternatively, Petition for Notice of Inquiry (NASNA Petition) with the FCC asking the Commission to take a more active role in regulating NG911 deployments throughout the country.

In particular, the NASNA Petition asked the Commission to update its rules to:

  1. Establish authority over origination service providers’ delivery of 911 services through IP-based emergency services networks (ESInets);
  2. Amend its rules to advance the transition to – and implementation of – NG911 services; and,
  3. Require OSPs to bear the cost of delivering NG911 calls unless the state has an alternative cost-recovery mechanism.

We summarized the NASNA Petition in greater detail in a previous blog post.

The FCC’s Draft NPRM

At a high level, the FCC’s draft NPRM addresses the concerns raised in the NASNA Petition and proposes to do three things:

  1. Require wireline, interconnected VoIP, and Internet-based Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) providers to complete all translation and routing to deliver 911 calls, including associated location information, in the requested IP-based format to an Emergency Services IP network (ESInet) or other designated point(s) that allow emergency calls to be answered upon request of 911 authorities who have certified the capability to accept IP-based 911 communications;
  2. Require wireline, interconnected VoIP, CMRS, and Internet-based TRS providers (Originating Service Providers or OSPs) to transmit all 911 calls to destination point(s) in those networks designated by a 911 authority, including to a public safety answering point (PSAP), designated statewide default answering point, local emergency authority, ESInet, or other point(s) designated by 911 authorities that allow emergency calls to be answered, upon request of 911 authorities who have certified the capability to accept IP-based 911 communications; and,
  3. Require OSPs to cover the costs of transmitting 911 calls to the point(s) designated by a 911 authority, including any costs associated with completing the translation and routing necessary to deliver such calls and associated location information to the designated destination point(s) in the requested IP-based format.

If ultimately enacted, these rule changes would significantly alter the landscape of NG911 deployments around the country. How? I’m glad you asked!

Real World Implications

Disputes between Originating Service Providers, niche 911 service providers, and 911 authorities are on the rise, which introduces unexpected costs and delays for 911 authorities. A common point of contention between the OSPs and 911 service providers involves interconnection: where are OSPs required to interconnect to a 911 provider, and does the OSP or 911 provider foot the bill for connecting the two networks?

The FCC addressed this cost allocation issue in the limited context of wireless deployments in 2001. The FCC’s Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau’s King County Letter – and the agency’s Order on Reconsideration –require wireless carriers to deliver their 911 traffic, at their own expense, along with associated information directly to the selective router. But the King County Letter was viewed as having limited applicability to wireless carriers only and did not resolve the issue for other OSPs. This has continued to create issues for NG911 deployments.

For example, in October 2017, the South Dakota 911 Coordination Board filed a Petition for Declaratory Ruling with the state PUC to determine the responsibility of rural carriers to interconnect with a new NG911 network that contemplated two meeting points within the state. The South Dakota PUC was asked to determine whether the Covered 911 Service Provider or the individual rural LECs were required to transport traffic between the service territories of the rural carriers and the two centralized points of interconnection on the NG911 network.

The proceeding was contentious, which added unanticipated costs and delays to the NG911 project. The FCC’s proposed rules – if ultimately enacted – would provide clarity and hopefully reduce costs and project timelines to promote efficient NG911 deployments.

Conclusion

In our previous blog post on this topic, we compared the FCC’s rulemaking process to a marathon and noted that the NASNA Petition was merely the starting line. Sticking with that analogy, the Commission’s NPRM is significant progress towards adopting new rules (let’s say we’re at the 10-mile mark of a 26-mile journey). If the NPRM is adopted in June, the FCC likely will be seeking comment on the proposed rules in the 3rd Quarter and then may be in a position to issue final rules in 2024.